Investigation on Morpho-physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Three Common Turfgrasses in Xeriscaping

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 MSc. Student, Department of Horticulture Science, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Khoozestan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture Science, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Khoozestan, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Department of Horticulture Science, Ramin University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Khoozestan, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Department of Horticulture science,Chamran University, Khoozestan, Iran

10.29252/aridbiom.7.2.43

Abstract

Lawns have become a central part of urban and suburban landscapes in Iran and are expanding along with urbanization. Turfgrass provides many environmental benefits, including reducing soil erosion, water runoff and leaching, contributing to carbon sequestration, moderating temperature, reducing noise, glare, and visual pollution. By selecting the appropriate plants and efficient irrigation systems, a balance can be achieved to fit aesthetic needs as well as reduce resource use. Benefits of xeriscaping include cost savings through lower water bills and a reduction in the labor needed to maintain your landscape. In this investigation zoysiagrass (Zoysia tenuifolia L.) and paspalum (Paspalum notatum Flugge.) were compared with bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), the common turfgrass in Ahwaz. The experiment was conducted as factorial in a random complete block design with the time of assessment as the main factor and turfgrass type as the sub-factor. Each treatment had four replicates. Turfgrasses were compared by measuring rooting depth, verdure wet and dry weight, root wet and dry weight, clipping wet and dry weight, chlorophyll content, solute carbohydrates, sodium content, potassium content and calcium content. Paspalum was the best species turfgrass for xeriscape under climatic conditions of Ahwaz city. The species tolerated more drought stress through enhancement root growth and reduction of its shoot growth, a positive point for landscape managment. So, it had more photosynthesis efficiency. Another mechanism of drought tolerance in this species was increasing K+ and Ca2+ concentrations, which are of essential role in osmotic adjustment. In general, paspalum by having different mechanisms can keep up growth and photosynthesis in drought condition at ahwaz landscape.     

Keywords

References

[1]. Aldahir, C.F. (2015). Utilization of Bermudagrass ‘TifGrand’ for Sports Turf: Wear Tolerance, Shade Response, and Quality Improvement. MSc. Thesis. Auburn University. USA. 159 p.
[2]. Bunnell, B.T., McCarty, L.B., & Bridges Jr, W.C. (2005). Evaluation of three Bermuda grass cultivars and Meyer Japanese zoysia grass grown in shade. International Turfgrass Society Journal, 10: 826-833.
[3]. Christians, N. (2004). Fundamentals of turfgrass management (2nd ed). John Wiley & Sons. Hoboken, NJ. 398p.
[4]. Dubois, M., Gilles, K.A., Hamilton, J.K., Rebers, P.A., & Ith, F.S. (1956). Calorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances. Annual Chemistry, 28, 350-356.
[5]. Flexas, J., & Medrano, H. (2008). Drought-inhibition of photosynthesis in C3- plants: Stomatal and nonstomatal limitation revisited. Annals of Botany, 183: 183-189.
[6]. Gibeault, V.A., Cockerham, S., Leonard, M., & Autio, R. (1992). Bermuda grass and zoysia grass winter color. Proc. UCR Turf grass Landscape Management Res. Conference and Field Day, University of California, Riverside, CA.
[7]. Guerfel, M., Baccouri, O., Boujnah, D., Cha, W., & Zarrouk, M. (2008). Impacts of water stress on gas exchange, water elations, chlorophyll content and leaf structure in the two main Tunisian olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 119: 257-263.
[8]. Heidari-Sharifabadi, H., & Mirzaie, N. (2006). Salinity-induced growth and some metabolic changes in three Salsola spices. Journal of Arid Environments, 67: 715-720.
[9]. Hernandez, J.A., & Almansa, M.S. (2002). Short-term effect of salt stress on antioxidant systems and leaf water relations of Pea leaves. Physiologia Plantarum, 115: 251-257.
[10]. Horton, J.L., & Neufeld, H.S. (1998). Photosynthetic responses of Microstegium vimineum (Trin) A. Camus, a shade-tolerant, C4 grass, to variable light environments. Oecologia, 114: 11-19.
[11]. Huang, B. (1999). Water relation and root activities of Buchloe dactyloides and Zoysia japonica in response to localized soil drying. Plant and Soil, 208: 179-186.
[12]. Huang, B., & Fu, S. (2000). Photosynthesis, respiration and carbon allocation in two cool season perennial grasses in response to surface soil drying. Plant and Soil, 227: 17-26.
[13]. Huang, B., Duncan, R.R., & Carrow, R.N. (1997) Drought resistance mechanisms of seven warm-season turfgrass under surface soil drying. Crop Science, 37: 1863-1869.
[14]. Hull, R.J. (1992). Energy relations and carbohydrate partitioning in turfgrasses. p. 175–205. In D.V. Waddington et al. (eds.), Turfgrass. Madison, WI.
[15]. Keles, Y., & Oncel, I. (2004). Growth and solute composition on two wheat species experiencing combined influence of stress conditions. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, 51: 203-208.
[16]. Lacerda, C.F., Cambraria, J., Olive, M.A., Ruiz, H.A., & Prisco, J.T. (2003). Solute accumulation and distribution during shoot and leaf development in two sorghum genotype under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 49: 107-120.
[17]. Lak, S., Naderi, A., Syadat, S.A., Ainehband, A., & Normohamadi, G. (2008). Effects of water deficit on yield and nitrogen efficiency of corn hybrids grown at different levels of nitrogen and plant 704. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 4: 153-170. (in Farsi).
[18]. Lichtenthaler, H.K., & Wellburn, A.R. (1985). Determination of Total Carotenoids and Chlorophylls A and B of Leaf in Different Solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11: 591-592.
[19]. Meneguzzo, S., Navariizzo, F., & Izzo, R. (2000). NaCl effects on water relations and accumulation of mineral nutrients in shoots, roots and cell sap of wheat seedling. Plant Physiology, 156: 711-716.
[20]. Mirmohamadi Meibodi, S.A.M., & Ghareyazi, B. (2002). Phisiological and Breeding Aspects of Salinity Stress in Crops. Isfahan University of Technology Press. Isfahan.
[21]. Misiha, A. (1991). Effect of cool season turf grasses seed mixtures on lawn characteristics. Bulletin of Faculty of Agriculture, 42: 401-414.
[22]. Munns, R., & Termaat, A. (1986). Whole plant responses to salinity. Plant Physiology, 13: 143-160.
[23]. Munns, R., Hare, R.A., James, R.A., & Rebetzke, G.J. (2000). Genetic variation for improving the salt tolerance of durum wheat. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51: 69-74.
[24]. Newell, A.J., Crossley, F.E.M., & Jones, A.C. (1996). Selection of grass species, cultivars and mixtures for lawn tennis courts. Journal Sports Turfgrass Research Institute, 72: 42-60.
[25]. Pakniat, H., Kazemipour, A., & Mohamadi, G.A.  (2003). Variation in salt tolerance of cultivated (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wild (H. spontanum C. Koch) barley genotypes from Iran. Iran Agricultural Research, 22: 45-62. (in Farsi).
[26]. Penuelas, J., & Filella, I. (1998). Visible and near-infrared reflectance techniques for diagnosing plant physiological status. Trends in Plant Science, 3: 151-156.
[27]. Rahbarian, R., Khavari-nejad, R., Ganjeali, A., Bagheri A.R., & Najafi, F. (2011). Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. Acta Biologica Cracoviensia, 53: 47-56.
[28]. Rascio, A., Russo, M., Mazzucco, L., Plantain, C., Nicastro, G., & Fonz, N.D. (2001). Enhanced osmo tolerance of wheat selected for potassium accumulation. Plant Science, 160: 441-448.
[29]. Roche, M.B., Loch, D.S., Jonothan, D.L., Penbernthy, C., Durant, R., & Troughton, A.D. (2009). Factors contributing to wear tolerance of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., C. dactylon x transvaalensis burtt-davy) on a sand-based profile under simulated sports field conditions. International Turfgrass Society Research Journal, 11: 449-459.
[30]. Roohollahi, I., Kafi, M., & Naderi, R. (2010). Drought reaction and rooting characteristics in response to plant growth regulators on Poa pratensis cv. Barimpala. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 8: 285-288.
[31]. Sage, R.F., & Mc Kown, A.D. (2006). Is C4 photosynthesis less phenotypically plastic than C3 photosynthesis? Journal of Experimental Botany, 57: 303-317.
[32]. Salehi, H., & Khosh-Khui, M. (2004). Turfgrass monoculture, cool-cool, and cool- warm season seed mixture establishment and growth responses. HortScience, 39:1732- 1735.
[33]. Salehi, M., Salehi, H., Niazi, A., & Ghobadi, C. (2014). Convergence of goals: Phylogenetical, morphological, and physiological characterization of tolerance to drought stress in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Molecular Biotechnology, 56: 248–257.
[34]. Salehi, M.R. (2016). Turfgrass. jdmpress. 188p. (in Farsi).
[35]. Salehi, M.R., & Salehi, H. (2013). Comparison of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.) turfgrasses and their seed mixtures. Advances in Horticultural  Science, 27: 81-87.
[36]. Santa Maria, G.E., & Epsetin, E. (2001). Potassium sodium selectivity in wheat and amphiploid cross wheat xlophopym elongation. Plant Science, 160: 523-534.
[37]. Santos, C.V. (2004). Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves. Scientia Horticulture, 103, 93-99.
[38]. Scheer, H. (2004). Chlorophlls and cartenoids. Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry, 1: 430-433.
[39]. Sheng, M., tang, M., Chen, H., Yang, B., Zang, F., & Huang, Y. (2008). Influence of Arbuscular mycorrhizal on photosynthesis and water status of maize plants under salt stress. Mycorrhiza, 18: 287- 296.
[40]. Skirde, W. (1989). Verhalten neuer sorten von rohrschwingel, Festuca arundinacea, in reinsaat und mischungen. Zeitschrift fur vegetations technic, 4:135-140.
[41]. Sovocool, A., Morgan, M., & Bennett, D. (2006). An in-depth investigation of xeriscape as a water conservation mesure. Journal (American Water Works Association), 98: 82-93.
[42]. Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2002). Plant Physiology. Sinecure Associates Inc. 690p.
[43]. Tatari, M., Fotouhi Ghazvini, R., Etemadi, N., Ahadi, A.M., & Mousavi, A. (2013). Study of some physiological responses in three species of turfgrass in drought stress conditions. Journal of Plant Production, 20: 63-88. (in Farsi)
[44]. Wallner, S.J., Becwar, M.R., & Butler, J.D. (1982). Measurement of turfgrass heat tolerance in vitro. American Society of Horticultural Science, 107: 603-613.
[45]. Zadehbagheri, M., Salehi Salmi, M.R., Hedayat, S. (2016). The Physiological, Morphological and BioChemical Comparison of the famous turfgrass with Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb). Journal of Crop Production and Processing, 5: 15-25. (in Farsi)
[46] http://www.irimo.ir/far/
Journal of Arid Biome
Volume 7, Issue 2
June 2017
Pages 43-56

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics