[1]. Azhdari, Z., Bazrafshan, O., Shekari, M., & Zamani, H. (2020). Three-dimensional risk analysis of hydro-meteorological drought using multivariate nonlinear index: Z. Azhdari et al. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 142(3), 1311-1327. DOI: 10.1007/s00704-020-03365-3
[2]. Bazrafshan, O., Zamani, H., & Shekari, M. (2020). A copula‐based index for drought analysis in arid and semi‐arid regions of Iran. Natural Resource Modeling, 33(1), e12237. DOI: 10.1111/nrm.12237
[3]. Genest, C., Rémillard, B., & Beaudoin, D. (2009). Goodness-of-fit tests for copulas: A review and a power study. Insurance: Mathematics and economics, 44(2), 199-213. DOI: 10.1016/j.insmatheco.2008.12.005
[4]. Govindaraju, R. S. (2019). Review of copulas and their applications in water resources engineering by lan zhang and VP Singh. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.000182
[5]. Hao, Z., & Singh, V. P. (2015). Drought characterization from a multivariate perspective: A review. Journal of Hydrology, 527, 668-678. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.058
[6]. Jin, S., & Feng, G. (2013). Large-scale variations of global groundwater from satellite gravimetry and hydrological models, 2002–2012. Global and Planetary Change, 106, 20-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.04.006
[7]. Joe, H. (2014). Dependence modeling with copulas. CRC press.
[8]. Kao, S. C., & Govindaraju, R. S. (2010). A copula-based joint deficit index for droughts. Journal of Hydrology, 380(1-2), 121-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.06.018
[9]. Kumar, Y., Singh, S., & Kumar, A. (2025). Copula-based meteorological drought risk assessment in Northwest India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32(59), 31455-31474. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-30889-6
[10]. Lan, X., Luo, Y., Leng, G., & Cao, J. (2025). A novel copula-based index for agricultural drought monitoring: integrating vegetation response and meteorological drought dynamics in the middle–lower Yangtze River Basin. Ecological Indicators, 178, 114107. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2024.114107
[11]. Liu, R., Yin, J., Kang, S., Yang, Y., Liu, P., Guo, J., & Gu, X. (2023). Machine learning-constrained projection of bivariate hydrological drought magnitudes and socioeconomic risks. Hydrology & Earth System Sciences Discussions.
[12]. McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., & Kleist, J. (1993, January). The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. In Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology (Vol. 17, No. 22, pp. 179-183).
[13]. Nabaei, S., Sharafati, A., Yaseen, Z. M., & Shahid, S. (2019). Copula based assessment of meteorological drought characteristics: regional investigation of Iran. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 276, 107611. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2019.107611
[14]. Nelsen, R. B. (2006). An introduction to copulas. New York, NY: Springer New York.
[15]. Obasi, G. O. P. (1994). WMO's role in the international decade for natural disaster reduction. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 75(9), 1655-1661.
[16]. Rodell, M., Houser, P. R., Jambor, U. E. A., Gottschalck, J., Mitchell, K., Meng, C. J., ... & Toll, D. (2004). The global land data assimilation system. Bulletin of the American Meteorological society, 85(3), 381-394. DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-85-3-381
[17]. Requena, A. I., Flores, I., Mediero, L., & Garrote, L. (2016). Extension of observed flood series by combining a distributed hydro-meteorological model and a copula-based model. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 30(5), 1363-1378. DOI: 10.1007/s00477-015-1113-2
[18]. Shukla, S., & Wood, A. W. (2008). Use of a standardized runoff index for characterizing hydrologic drought. Geophysical research letters, 35(2). DOI: 10.1029/2007GL032381
[19]. Singh, H. V., Joshi, N., & Suryavanshi, S. (2026). Evaluating hydrological drought characteristics in a semi-arid river basin using the conditional copula approach under the changing climate. Journal of Earth System Science, 135(2), 56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-026-02757-9
[20]. Wilhite, D. A. (2002, November). Combating drought through preparedness. In Natural resources forum (Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 275-285). Oxford, UK and Boston, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. DOI: 10.1111/1477-8947.00031
[21]. Wang, H., Zhu, Y., Qin, T., & Zhang, X. (2022). Study on the propagation probability characteristics and prediction model of meteorological drought to hydrological drought in basin based on copula function. Frontiers in Earth Science, 10, 961871. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2022.961871
[22]. Zhong, Z., Zhao, Q., Sang, G., Xue, J., Wang, J., & Lin, F. (2026). Copula-based composite drought index combining precipitation, temperature, and NDVI used for drought monitoring. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 157(2), 103. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.135059
[23]. Zhang, Q., Lu, Z., Ying, J., Qiu, Y., Wang, P., Xu, Z., ... & Li, Y. (2026). Nonstationary agricultural drought risk under compound meteorological drought and hot conditions.
Journal of Hydrology, 135059. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.jhydrol.2026.135059
)