Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Investigation of seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria on the physiological and biochemical properties of safflower under simultaneous effect of drought and dust stress Investigation of seed inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria on the physiological and biochemical properties of safflower under simultaneous effect of drought and dust stress 1 22 4057 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4057 FA Hamid Golaraei PhD Student, Department of Desert Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertification, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Asghar Mosleh Arani Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desertification, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0000-0003-3187-1100 Hassan Etesami Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Karaj, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. Reza Dehghani Bidgoli Associate Professor, Department of Natural Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran. Journal Article 2025 09 22 This study investigated the effect of two plant growth promoting bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens and B. halotolerans on physiological, biochemical and functional traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought and dust stress. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with different treatments including individual and combined inoculation of the two bacteria, irrigation at three levels of irrigation period (every 4, 6 and 8 days) and dust at two levels. The results showed that the simultaneous effect of drought and dust on safflower was more destructive than the effect of each alone. Meanwhile, dust had a less negative effect on safflower than drought. Drought reduced the absorption of mineral elements, soluble sugars, chlorophyll b, seed weight per plant and dry weight of safflower and increased phenol, proline and carotenoids. In contrast, dust only reduced the amount of phosphorus and soluble sugars in safflower and increased ascorbic acid and phenol. Bacterial inoculation improved the physiological and functional conditions of safflower in most cases, while the combination of two bacteria performed better than the individual inoculation of bacteria in most of the measured traits. While B. halotolerans and the combination of two bacteria performed better in increasing safflower seed weight, the dry weight of the plant increased more with B. amyloliquefaciens inoculation. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of using simultaneous combinations of plant growth-promoting bacteria as a sustainable biological solution to improve the growth of plants that often face multiple stresses. This study investigated the effect of two plant growth promoting bacteria B. amyloliquefaciens and B. halotolerans on physiological, biochemical and functional traits of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under drought and dust stress. A factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with different treatments including individual and combined inoculation of the two bacteria, irrigation at three levels of irrigation period (every 4, 6 and 8 days) and dust at two levels. The results showed that the simultaneous effect of drought and dust on safflower was more destructive than the effect of each alone. Meanwhile, dust had a less negative effect on safflower than drought. Drought reduced the absorption of mineral elements, soluble sugars, chlorophyll b, seed weight per plant and dry weight of safflower and increased phenol, proline and carotenoids. In contrast, dust only reduced the amount of phosphorus and soluble sugars in safflower and increased ascorbic acid and phenol. Bacterial inoculation improved the physiological and functional conditions of safflower in most cases, while the combination of two bacteria performed better than the individual inoculation of bacteria in most of the measured traits. While B. halotolerans and the combination of two bacteria performed better in increasing safflower seed weight, the dry weight of the plant increased more with B. amyloliquefaciens inoculation. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of using simultaneous combinations of plant growth-promoting bacteria as a sustainable biological solution to improve the growth of plants that often face multiple stresses.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4057_a7a47fba1e340128aea5a4c06798cae9.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Assessment of Phenotypic Diversity in Pistacia atlantica Populations in Kerman Province for Establishing Arid Zone Seed Orchards Assessment of Phenotypic Diversity in Pistacia atlantica Populations in Kerman Province for Establishing Arid Zone Seed Orchards 23 35 4148 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4148 FA درویشی زید آبادی Darvishi Assistant Professor, Forest and Rangeland Research Department, Kerman Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran. 0000-0002-7562-2344 Mohammad Bayranvand Assistant Professor, Forest and Rangeland Research Department, Kerman Province Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Kerman, Iran. Journal Article 2025 12 08 Pistacia atlantica, a key species in Iran's arid regions, plays a crucial role in soil conservation and combating desertification, necessitating the production of seedlings with high genetic quality. Aimed at establishing a P. atlantica seed orchard, this study was designed to evaluate seeds and seedlings derived from 5 to 11 selected genotypes across six natural provenances in Kerman Province, including Mikh Sefid (Sirjan), Gushk (Baft), Baneh-Abad (Gugher), Seh-Chah Forest (Dehsard), Mohammad-Abad (Maskun), and Dehbakri (Bam). Seed morphological traits and seedling vegetative characteristics—specifically height, root collar diameter (RCD), germination percentage, and survival rate—were assessed over a two-year period. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant differences (p < 0.01) across all morphological traits (e.g., 1000-seed weight and percentage of empty seeds) and seedling performance metrics. Seeds from Mohammad-Abad exhibited the greatest size and weight. Meanwhile, the Dehbakri provenance recorded the highest survival rate, and Seh-Chah produced the tallest seedlings consistently over the two years. Growth pattern analysis indicated that seedlings from Seh-Chah were the tallest, whereas those from Mikh Sefid were the shortest. This extensive genetic diversity and variation in performance provide a robust framework for identifying and selecting superior genotypes characterized by high adaptability and desirable economic traits. Accordingly, the populations from Mohammadabad, Seh-Chah, and Baneh-Abad are recommended for afforestation and restoration of arid regions due to their high-quality seed and seedling production. Conversely, the Dehbakri and Mikh-Sefid populations are preferred for soil conservation and desertification control under severe environmental stress conditions, owing to their superior physiological resistance. Pistacia atlantica, a key species in Iran's arid regions, plays a crucial role in soil conservation and combating desertification, necessitating the production of seedlings with high genetic quality. Aimed at establishing a P. atlantica seed orchard, this study was designed to evaluate seeds and seedlings derived from 5 to 11 selected genotypes across six natural provenances in Kerman Province, including Mikh Sefid (Sirjan), Gushk (Baft), Baneh-Abad (Gugher), Seh-Chah Forest (Dehsard), Mohammad-Abad (Maskun), and Dehbakri (Bam). Seed morphological traits and seedling vegetative characteristics—specifically height, root collar diameter (RCD), germination percentage, and survival rate—were assessed over a two-year period. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant differences (p < 0.01) across all morphological traits (e.g., 1000-seed weight and percentage of empty seeds) and seedling performance metrics. Seeds from Mohammad-Abad exhibited the greatest size and weight. Meanwhile, the Dehbakri provenance recorded the highest survival rate, and Seh-Chah produced the tallest seedlings consistently over the two years. Growth pattern analysis indicated that seedlings from Seh-Chah were the tallest, whereas those from Mikh Sefid were the shortest. This extensive genetic diversity and variation in performance provide a robust framework for identifying and selecting superior genotypes characterized by high adaptability and desirable economic traits. Accordingly, the populations from Mohammadabad, Seh-Chah, and Baneh-Abad are recommended for afforestation and restoration of arid regions due to their high-quality seed and seedling production. Conversely, the Dehbakri and Mikh-Sefid populations are preferred for soil conservation and desertification control under severe environmental stress conditions, owing to their superior physiological resistance.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4148_55eb2400ce741155e1389cae43ca4bdb.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Synoptic analysis of atmospheric circulation patterns affecting the precipitation of Farvardin 2024 in Yazd Province Synoptic analysis of atmospheric circulation patterns affecting the precipitation of Farvardin 2024 in Yazd Province 37 55 4149 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4149 FA Kamal Omidvar Professor, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Hajar Toofani PhD Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Hamide Dehghan PhD Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Forough Mohammadi Ravari PhD Student, Department of Geography, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0000-0001-9989-4910 Journal Article 2026 02 21 Heavy and torrential rainfall, as one of the most important climatic hazards, always plays an effective role in the occurrence of flash floods and inflicting extensive damage to the infrastructure, construction and agricultural sectors. The aim of this research is to synoptically analyze the atmospheric circulation patterns affecting the torrential rainfall event of Farvardin 2024 in Yazd province. In order to examine the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation, CHIRPS satellite precipitation data was used. Also, to analyze the synoptic conditions governing this event, maps of the land surface pressure, the middle level of 500 hectopascals and maps of moisture, omega and circulation at the level of 850 hectopascals were analyzed during two days of Farvardin 6 and 28, 1403. In order to investigate the state of atmospheric instability, the instability indices SI, KI, TTI and LI were calculated using the thermodynamic diagram of the Shiraz station, which confirms the existence of unstable atmospheric conditions on the days of precipitation. The results of the synoptic analysis showed that the establishment of a truncated low on both days of the study led to the formation of a deep trough with a southwest-northeast extension, such that the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the eastern Mediterranean were located along the axis of the trough, and conditions were provided for air ascent and the penetration of low-pressure systems into the central regions of the country. On these two days, the omega index reached a significant and extreme value of about -0.2 Pascal/second at the level of 850 hectopascals, which indicates strong air ascent. In terms of moisture supply, the results showed that the main moisture sources at the level of 850 hectopascals included the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Sea of Oman, and the specific humidity in the region reached about 8 to 10 grams per kilogram of dry air. The simultaneous movement of the constant-speed wind blades with a southwest-northeast direction and the maximum relative humidity cores located over the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf played an important role in injecting moisture and intensifying the phrenic precipitation in Yazd province. In general, the combination of strong dynamic conditions, adequate moisture supply, and severe atmospheric instability was the main factor in the occurrence of the phrenic precipitation in Farvardin 2024 in the study area. Heavy and torrential rainfall, as one of the most important climatic hazards, always plays an effective role in the occurrence of flash floods and inflicting extensive damage to the infrastructure, construction and agricultural sectors. The aim of this research is to synoptically analyze the atmospheric circulation patterns affecting the torrential rainfall event of Farvardin 2024 in Yazd province. In order to examine the spatial distribution pattern of precipitation, CHIRPS satellite precipitation data was used. Also, to analyze the synoptic conditions governing this event, maps of the land surface pressure, the middle level of 500 hectopascals and maps of moisture, omega and circulation at the level of 850 hectopascals were analyzed during two days of Farvardin 6 and 28, 1403. In order to investigate the state of atmospheric instability, the instability indices SI, KI, TTI and LI were calculated using the thermodynamic diagram of the Shiraz station, which confirms the existence of unstable atmospheric conditions on the days of precipitation. The results of the synoptic analysis showed that the establishment of a truncated low on both days of the study led to the formation of a deep trough with a southwest-northeast extension, such that the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf and the eastern Mediterranean were located along the axis of the trough, and conditions were provided for air ascent and the penetration of low-pressure systems into the central regions of the country. On these two days, the omega index reached a significant and extreme value of about -0.2 Pascal/second at the level of 850 hectopascals, which indicates strong air ascent. In terms of moisture supply, the results showed that the main moisture sources at the level of 850 hectopascals included the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, and the Sea of Oman, and the specific humidity in the region reached about 8 to 10 grams per kilogram of dry air. The simultaneous movement of the constant-speed wind blades with a southwest-northeast direction and the maximum relative humidity cores located over the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf played an important role in injecting moisture and intensifying the phrenic precipitation in Yazd province. In general, the combination of strong dynamic conditions, adequate moisture supply, and severe atmospheric instability was the main factor in the occurrence of the phrenic precipitation in Farvardin 2024 in the study area.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4149_f099c28aa305dd9eba38a7b653ec100d.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Integrated Drought Monitoring in the Minab Esteghlal Dam Basin through Copula-Based Modeling of the Interdependence among Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and Surface Runoff Integrated Drought Monitoring in the Minab Esteghlal Dam Basin through Copula-Based Modeling of the Interdependence among Precipitation, Soil Moisture, and Surface Runoff 57 76 4152 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4152 FA ٍElham Hemmati PhD student, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Yahya Esmaelpour Associate Professor, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 0000-0002-9816-899X Omolbanin Bazrafshan Professor, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Hossein Zamani Assistant Professor, Department of Statistics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. Mehdi Biniaz Assistant Professor, Department of Natural Resources Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran. 0000-0001-5526-0422 Journal Article 2026 03 24 Drought is one of the most complex and costly natural hazards, particularly in arid and semi‑arid regions, affecting different components of the hydrological cycle such as precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture. In this study, a comprehensive multivariate drought index based on copula functions, named the Joint Drought Hydro‑Meteorological Index (JDHMI), was developed to monitor meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts simultaneously in the Minab Independence Dam watershed in southern Iran. Monthly precipitation data from 15 rain gauge stations, streamflow data from the Berentin hydrometric station, and satellite‑based soil moisture data from the GLDAS dataset during the period 1993–2023 were used. First, the univariate drought indices including SPI‑12, SRI‑12, and SMDI‑12 were calculated. Then, the dependence structure among these variables was modeled using copula functions. The results of marginal distribution fitting indicated that the logistic distribution provided the best fit for precipitation and runoff with AIC values of 630.94 and 563.36, respectively, while the normal distribution was selected for soil moisture with an AIC value of 636.07. Copula analysis showed that the Frank copula performed best in modeling dependence. The Kendall’s tau coefficients were estimated as 0.441 for SPI12–SRI12 and 0.567 for SRI12–SMDI12, indicating moderate to strong dependence between these variables. The developed multivariate index demonstrated higher capability in identifying severe and persistent drought events. The maximum drought intensity, duration, and magnitude obtained from the JDHMI were 3.35, 10 months, and 21.4, respectively. Moreover, the correlation of JDHMI with SPI12 and SRI12 was 0.81 and 0.71, respectively, showing strong agreement with conventional indices. Principal component analysis also revealed that the first component explained about 92.06% of the total variance. Overall, the proposed copula‑based index provides a more comprehensive representation of drought conditions by integrating precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture information, and can serve as an effective tool for drought monitoring and water resources management in arid regions. Drought is one of the most complex and costly natural hazards, particularly in arid and semi‑arid regions, affecting different components of the hydrological cycle such as precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture. In this study, a comprehensive multivariate drought index based on copula functions, named the Joint Drought Hydro‑Meteorological Index (JDHMI), was developed to monitor meteorological, hydrological, and agricultural droughts simultaneously in the Minab Independence Dam watershed in southern Iran. Monthly precipitation data from 15 rain gauge stations, streamflow data from the Berentin hydrometric station, and satellite‑based soil moisture data from the GLDAS dataset during the period 1993–2023 were used. First, the univariate drought indices including SPI‑12, SRI‑12, and SMDI‑12 were calculated. Then, the dependence structure among these variables was modeled using copula functions. The results of marginal distribution fitting indicated that the logistic distribution provided the best fit for precipitation and runoff with AIC values of 630.94 and 563.36, respectively, while the normal distribution was selected for soil moisture with an AIC value of 636.07. Copula analysis showed that the Frank copula performed best in modeling dependence. The Kendall’s tau coefficients were estimated as 0.441 for SPI12–SRI12 and 0.567 for SRI12–SMDI12, indicating moderate to strong dependence between these variables. The developed multivariate index demonstrated higher capability in identifying severe and persistent drought events. The maximum drought intensity, duration, and magnitude obtained from the JDHMI were 3.35, 10 months, and 21.4, respectively. Moreover, the correlation of JDHMI with SPI12 and SRI12 was 0.81 and 0.71, respectively, showing strong agreement with conventional indices. Principal component analysis also revealed that the first component explained about 92.06% of the total variance. Overall, the proposed copula‑based index provides a more comprehensive representation of drought conditions by integrating precipitation, runoff, and soil moisture information, and can serve as an effective tool for drought monitoring and water resources management in arid regions.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4152_b9d06c64d6a324a4455c1e524fbd2ed3.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Economic valuation of carbon sequestration in Haloxylon aphyllum(Minkw) Iljin. shrubs (Case study: Bahman Abarkuh district, Yazd province) Economic valuation of carbon sequestration in Haloxylon aphyllum(Minkw) Iljin. shrubs (Case study: Bahman Abarkuh district, Yazd province) 77 85 4188 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4188 FA Gholamreza Derakhshan PhD Student, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Kazem Kamali Aliabad Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Mohammad Hossain Mkhtari Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Asghar Mosleh Arani Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Desert Studies, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0000-0003-3187-1100 Alibeman Mirjalili Researcher, Forest and Rangeland Research Department, Yazd Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Yazd, Iran. Journal Article 2026 03 11 The economic and social valuation of non-market forest ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, is highly important, because management in this area, in addition to increasing economic benefits, will prevent the social damages caused by ecosystem degradation. this research was conducted within the area of the carbon sequestration project in the Bahman Abarkuh district of Yazd province in the 160-hectare Haloxylon aphyllum plantation forests. The aim of this research was to estimate the economic value of carbon sequestration in the aerial and underground organs of Haloxylon aphyllum stands. After measuring the percentage of vegetation cover, density, fresh and dry weight of plant organs, and the amount of raw ash in the laboratory in the leaf, stem, and root organs of the black alder shrub, the amount of organic carbon stored in five representative stands of Haloxylon aphyllum was calculated using the combustion method in an electric furnace. The results showed that the average amount of carbon stored in the leaf organs was 35.33 kg/ha and the rate of carbon dioxide absorption was 25.94 kg/ha/year, the average amount of carbon stored in the stem organs was 63.22 kg/ha and the rate of carbon dioxide absorption was 46.40 kg/ha/year, and the average amount of carbon stored in the root organs was 24.02 kg/ha and the rate of carbon dioxide absorption was 17.63 kg/ha/year. The avoided damage cost method was used to value this stand. With this calculation, the economic value of carbon sequestration for the entire area was 627,551.59 million rials. Therefore, quantifying atmospheric carbon sequestration for forest and rangeland species in natural ecosystems will be very important in order to maintain and enhance the provision of non-market services from both a human and economic perspective. The economic and social valuation of non-market forest ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, is highly important, because management in this area, in addition to increasing economic benefits, will prevent the social damages caused by ecosystem degradation. this research was conducted within the area of the carbon sequestration project in the Bahman Abarkuh district of Yazd province in the 160-hectare Haloxylon aphyllum plantation forests. The aim of this research was to estimate the economic value of carbon sequestration in the aerial and underground organs of Haloxylon aphyllum stands. After measuring the percentage of vegetation cover, density, fresh and dry weight of plant organs, and the amount of raw ash in the laboratory in the leaf, stem, and root organs of the black alder shrub, the amount of organic carbon stored in five representative stands of Haloxylon aphyllum was calculated using the combustion method in an electric furnace. The results showed that the average amount of carbon stored in the leaf organs was 35.33 kg/ha and the rate of carbon dioxide absorption was 25.94 kg/ha/year, the average amount of carbon stored in the stem organs was 63.22 kg/ha and the rate of carbon dioxide absorption was 46.40 kg/ha/year, and the average amount of carbon stored in the root organs was 24.02 kg/ha and the rate of carbon dioxide absorption was 17.63 kg/ha/year. The avoided damage cost method was used to value this stand. With this calculation, the economic value of carbon sequestration for the entire area was 627,551.59 million rials. Therefore, quantifying atmospheric carbon sequestration for forest and rangeland species in natural ecosystems will be very important in order to maintain and enhance the provision of non-market services from both a human and economic perspective.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4188_bfb4a47fd16c12ba681ba41a83e0f7e3.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Spatial prioritization of urban green infrastructure in semi-arid regions for runoff management (Study area: Tehran city) Spatial prioritization of urban green infrastructure in semi-arid regions for runoff management (Study area: Tehran city) 87 102 4203 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4203 FA Nadia Yalveh M.Sc. Graduate, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. Iman Saeedi Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. 0000-0001-8749-3829 Kamran Shayesteh Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. Journal Article 2026 04 23 Urban runoff management in semi-arid areas is one of the major challenges of urban planning. This study aims to provide a scientific framework for spatial prioritization of urban green infrastructure development with emphasis on runoff management in Tehran metropolis. The research method is based on the integration of geographic information systems and spatial multi-criteria decision-making using the analytic hierarchy process. For this purpose, nine key criteria including runoff potential, slope, population density, soil texture, distance from green space, distance from rivers, distance from educational centers, distance from medical centers, and distance from main roads were identified, weighted, and integrated in the geographic information system environment. The model sensitivity analysis was performed by creating 18 weighted scenarios and calculating the kappa coefficient. The findings showed that impervious surfaces cover more than 80 percent of the city area. The very high priority areas are mainly concentrated in the central, southern and western regions of Tehran (regions 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 20), which are associated with high population density, high runoff potential and lack of green space. In contrast, the northern regions of the city have a lower priority due to favorable vegetation cover and lower density. The results of the sensitivity analysis confirmed the high stability of the model (kappa greater than 0.82) and the high sensitivity of the runoff potential and population density criteria. This study provides an operational and evidence-based map as a tool to support urban managers' decision-making in order to optimally allocate resources and increase the hydrological resilience of Tehran. Urban runoff management in semi-arid areas is one of the major challenges of urban planning. This study aims to provide a scientific framework for spatial prioritization of urban green infrastructure development with emphasis on runoff management in Tehran metropolis. The research method is based on the integration of geographic information systems and spatial multi-criteria decision-making using the analytic hierarchy process. For this purpose, nine key criteria including runoff potential, slope, population density, soil texture, distance from green space, distance from rivers, distance from educational centers, distance from medical centers, and distance from main roads were identified, weighted, and integrated in the geographic information system environment. The model sensitivity analysis was performed by creating 18 weighted scenarios and calculating the kappa coefficient. The findings showed that impervious surfaces cover more than 80 percent of the city area. The very high priority areas are mainly concentrated in the central, southern and western regions of Tehran (regions 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17 and 20), which are associated with high population density, high runoff potential and lack of green space. In contrast, the northern regions of the city have a lower priority due to favorable vegetation cover and lower density. The results of the sensitivity analysis confirmed the high stability of the model (kappa greater than 0.82) and the high sensitivity of the runoff potential and population density criteria. This study provides an operational and evidence-based map as a tool to support urban managers' decision-making in order to optimally allocate resources and increase the hydrological resilience of Tehran.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4203_31ffa38a7783086020702a6e3eff8876.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Geochemical Evaluation of Groundwater and Mineral Wastewater In The Area of Joghatay Chromite Mine In Khorasan Razavi Geochemical Evaluation of Groundwater and Mineral Wastewater In The Area of Joghatay Chromite Mine In Khorasan Razavi 103 123 4207 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4207 FA Moslem Yazdani PhD Graduate, Department of Science, Faculty of Science, Ashford University, California, USA. 0000-0003-2246-4845 Fariba Foroughi Assistant Professor, Department of Stratigraphy, School of Geology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-5390-4669 Sanaz Majidian MSc Graduate, Department of Mining, School of Mining Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2026 06 16 Chromite (FeCr2O4) is the most important chromium mineral ore that occurs in ultrabasic rocks and ophiolites, and in these rocks, chromium is usually associated with magnesium, iron, nickel, and cobalt. The Joghatay chromite mining area is located in the northwest of the Sabzevar ophiolite zone and has a hot and dry foothill climate. This mining area has several exploration-extraction trenches that are mined using open-pit mining techniques. Groundwater in this area flows in the form of springs caused by erosion faults and aqueducts dug in alluvial plains. The hydrogeochemistry of the aqueduct water and mineral effluent in this area was investigated using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) to analyze water samples. The results of chemical analysis of water samples from the Qanats of the Chaghatai region and the chromite mine effluents showed that both ophiolite units and chromite mine effluents have high concentrations of chromium and magnesium, with chromium mainly present in the form of chromium (IV) and chromate ion (CrO4-2). A total of 25 samples (7 samples from mine effluents and 18 samples from the Aqtapeh, Darvish, and Qaraghach qanats) were analyzed, and the maximum concentration of chromium in the mine effluent was 99.23 mlg/l and the maximum concentration of chromium in the qanat water was 66.11 mlg/l, both of which are higher than the international standard. The relatively high concentration of chromium in the qanat water is affected by natural factors (water passing through the ophiolite bedrock of the aquifer) and the high concentration of chromium in the mineral effluent is due to mining activity. Drawing a Papier diagram for water samples indicates high levels of magnesium, which is indicative of calcium bicarbonate springs, and the high EC levels of water samples prove high dissolution of dissolved ions from ophiolite bedrock in water. Chromite (FeCr2O4) is the most important chromium mineral ore that occurs in ultrabasic rocks and ophiolites, and in these rocks, chromium is usually associated with magnesium, iron, nickel, and cobalt. The Joghatay chromite mining area is located in the northwest of the Sabzevar ophiolite zone and has a hot and dry foothill climate. This mining area has several exploration-extraction trenches that are mined using open-pit mining techniques. Groundwater in this area flows in the form of springs caused by erosion faults and aqueducts dug in alluvial plains. The hydrogeochemistry of the aqueduct water and mineral effluent in this area was investigated using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) to analyze water samples. The results of chemical analysis of water samples from the Qanats of the Chaghatai region and the chromite mine effluents showed that both ophiolite units and chromite mine effluents have high concentrations of chromium and magnesium, with chromium mainly present in the form of chromium (IV) and chromate ion (CrO4-2). A total of 25 samples (7 samples from mine effluents and 18 samples from the Aqtapeh, Darvish, and Qaraghach qanats) were analyzed, and the maximum concentration of chromium in the mine effluent was 99.23 mlg/l and the maximum concentration of chromium in the qanat water was 66.11 mlg/l, both of which are higher than the international standard. The relatively high concentration of chromium in the qanat water is affected by natural factors (water passing through the ophiolite bedrock of the aquifer) and the high concentration of chromium in the mineral effluent is due to mining activity. Drawing a Papier diagram for water samples indicates high levels of magnesium, which is indicative of calcium bicarbonate springs, and the high EC levels of water samples prove high dissolution of dissolved ions from ophiolite bedrock in water.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4207_dc0e2efd399634b8cb7444b12e684e4f.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Economic Evaluation of Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) Exploitation in Summer Rangelands of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran Economic Evaluation of Asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) Exploitation in Summer Rangelands of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran 125 139 4211 10.29252/aridbiom.2025.4211 FA Benyamin Kord PhD Student, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Seyed Ahmad Ghanbari Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Mohammad Reza Asgharipour Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Esmaeel Seyedabadi Associate Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Tohid Bagherpour Assistant Professor, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran. Hadi Deravi Research Assistant Professor, Forest and Rangeland Research Department, Baluchestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Iranshahr, Iran. Journal Article 2026 04 26 Rangeland medicinal plants have high economic and therapeutic value. Sustainable exploitation of these plants requires knowledge of the ecological and economic potential of their habitats. This study aimed to economically evaluate the harvesting of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) resin in three rangeland habitats of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, including Garz-e Sangan (Khash), Bag-e Sartalap (Taftan), and Paskouh (Sib and Suran). In each habitat, using local knowledge and the traditional incision method, plant resin was collected over 15 stages from plants at least four years old. The total number of sampled plants in each habitat was 25 plants, equivalent to one plant per 100 m² plot. Plots were randomly established, and the density of harvestable plants was calculated. In economic calculations, 80% of the plants were considered permissible for harvesting, and a five-year rotation was observed to prevent species extinction. The base selling price of resin was assumed to be $200 per kilogram based on the export value of the product, with a reference exchange rate of 1.5 million Rials per dollar. The results showed that the useful surface areas of the habitats were 64, 67, and 38 hectares, respectively; the number of permissible plants per hectare was 600, 540, and 850 plants; and the total resin production was 2,880, 2,713, and 2,422 kg, respectively. The total exploitation period (including marking, stoning, and 15 incision stages) lasted 180 days, based on which the labor costs for the aforementioned habitats were calculated as 126,000, 108,000, and 90,000 million Rials (equivalent to 84,000, 72,000, and 60,000 thousand dollars), respectively. Restoration costs (pit-planting) based on the approved rates of the Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization were estimated at 3,250, 3,500, and 2,000 million Rials, respectively. The net profit after deducting labor, transportation, pit-planting, protection, and ownership costs was estimated at 3,755,150, 3,536,850, and 3,181,400 million Rials (equivalent to 2,503,433, 2,357,900, and 2,120,933 thousand dollars), respectively. The average benefit-to-cost ratio across the entire study area was 6.8, indicating the high economic justification of the project. Sensitivity analysis showed that if approved guaranteed prices (80 to 120 million Rials) were used instead of the export price, the project would lack economic justification. Furthermore, based on field experiences, the pit-planting method is not effective for restoring asafoetida habitats, and surface seeding and the use of harvesting stone enclosures (kols) are proposed as more effective methods. The results of this research can be applied in formulating the vision document for the exploitation of medicinal plants and designing multi-purpose rangeland management plans (integrating livestock grazing and medicinal plant harvesting) while adhering to ecological principles. Rangeland medicinal plants have high economic and therapeutic value. Sustainable exploitation of these plants requires knowledge of the ecological and economic potential of their habitats. This study aimed to economically evaluate the harvesting of asafoetida (Ferula assa-foetida L.) resin in three rangeland habitats of Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, including Garz-e Sangan (Khash), Bag-e Sartalap (Taftan), and Paskouh (Sib and Suran). In each habitat, using local knowledge and the traditional incision method, plant resin was collected over 15 stages from plants at least four years old. The total number of sampled plants in each habitat was 25 plants, equivalent to one plant per 100 m² plot. Plots were randomly established, and the density of harvestable plants was calculated. In economic calculations, 80% of the plants were considered permissible for harvesting, and a five-year rotation was observed to prevent species extinction. The base selling price of resin was assumed to be $200 per kilogram based on the export value of the product, with a reference exchange rate of 1.5 million Rials per dollar. The results showed that the useful surface areas of the habitats were 64, 67, and 38 hectares, respectively; the number of permissible plants per hectare was 600, 540, and 850 plants; and the total resin production was 2,880, 2,713, and 2,422 kg, respectively. The total exploitation period (including marking, stoning, and 15 incision stages) lasted 180 days, based on which the labor costs for the aforementioned habitats were calculated as 126,000, 108,000, and 90,000 million Rials (equivalent to 84,000, 72,000, and 60,000 thousand dollars), respectively. Restoration costs (pit-planting) based on the approved rates of the Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization were estimated at 3,250, 3,500, and 2,000 million Rials, respectively. The net profit after deducting labor, transportation, pit-planting, protection, and ownership costs was estimated at 3,755,150, 3,536,850, and 3,181,400 million Rials (equivalent to 2,503,433, 2,357,900, and 2,120,933 thousand dollars), respectively. The average benefit-to-cost ratio across the entire study area was 6.8, indicating the high economic justification of the project. Sensitivity analysis showed that if approved guaranteed prices (80 to 120 million Rials) were used instead of the export price, the project would lack economic justification. Furthermore, based on field experiences, the pit-planting method is not effective for restoring asafoetida habitats, and surface seeding and the use of harvesting stone enclosures (kols) are proposed as more effective methods. The results of this research can be applied in formulating the vision document for the exploitation of medicinal plants and designing multi-purpose rangeland management plans (integrating livestock grazing and medicinal plant harvesting) while adhering to ecological principles.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4211_21da4e227bd2032f164d9c54085260c3.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Morphophysiological, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Responses of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) to Salinity Stress Morphophysiological, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Responses of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) to Salinity Stress 141 151 4218 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4218 FA Amir Yousefi Kurdlar former Ph.D. Student, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Jalal Jalilian Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Alireza Pirzad Professor, Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. Journal Article 2026 06 12 Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual plant of the Portulacaceae family that grows in warm and saline areas and has long been considered one of the most nutritious native vegetables. With the spread of soil salinity in arid regions of Iran, especially around Lake Urmia, understanding how this species copes with high levels of salt is important for both cultivation and pharmaceuticals. In the present study, the response of Purslane to two levels of soil electrical conductivity (2 and 16 dS/m) was evaluated under field conditions and in a randomized complete block design in 2024 at Urmia University with three replications. The results showed that high salinity reduced fresh weight, dry weight and number of leaves by 33.9, 36.3 and 38.4%, respectively, and the relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll and photosystem II efficiency also showed significant decreases. Among the ionic traits, sodium accumulation in roots, stems and leaves was 221, 208 and 103% higher than the control, respectively, and electrolyte leakage increased from 31.95 to 57.67%. Under salinity conditions, the plant responded by increasing anthocyanin, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase. In general, Purslane was able to adapt to salinity of 16 dS/m by a combination of osmotic regulation, activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic shields and restriction of sodium transport to the leaves; however, the significant reduction in growth at this level indicates that this value has the physiological tolerance threshold of the species. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is an annual plant of the Portulacaceae family that grows in warm and saline areas and has long been considered one of the most nutritious native vegetables. With the spread of soil salinity in arid regions of Iran, especially around Lake Urmia, understanding how this species copes with high levels of salt is important for both cultivation and pharmaceuticals. In the present study, the response of Purslane to two levels of soil electrical conductivity (2 and 16 dS/m) was evaluated under field conditions and in a randomized complete block design in 2024 at Urmia University with three replications. The results showed that high salinity reduced fresh weight, dry weight and number of leaves by 33.9, 36.3 and 38.4%, respectively, and the relative leaf water content, total chlorophyll and photosystem II efficiency also showed significant decreases. Among the ionic traits, sodium accumulation in roots, stems and leaves was 221, 208 and 103% higher than the control, respectively, and electrolyte leakage increased from 31.95 to 57.67%. Under salinity conditions, the plant responded by increasing anthocyanin, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase. In general, Purslane was able to adapt to salinity of 16 dS/m by a combination of osmotic regulation, activation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic shields and restriction of sodium transport to the leaves; however, the significant reduction in growth at this level indicates that this value has the physiological tolerance threshold of the species.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4218_7f384c70e8256a67283656f7a7e64d16.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Land Degradation Assessment with Emphasis on Groundwater Depletion and Land Subsidence in the Qazvin Plain Land Degradation Assessment with Emphasis on Groundwater Depletion and Land Subsidence in the Qazvin Plain 153 173 4233 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4233 FA MARYAM NAEIMI Research Associate Professor, Desert Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran. Adel Jaliil Research Professor, Botany Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran. Samira Zandifar Research Associate Professor, Desert Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, AREEO, Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2026 06 23 Land degradation in alluvial plains is driven by the synergistic effects of groundwater depletion and the resulting geomechanical responses of the aquifer. This study aimed to enhance the accuracy of degradation assessments in the Qazvin Plain by integrating land subsidence rates—derived from InSAR analysis—into the conventional IMDPA model, leading to the development of the IMDPAS (Modified IMDPA for Subsidence) model. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) results revealed that a total area of 870 km² is affected by land subsidence, with 86% of these regions experiencing subsidence rates between 5 and 10 cm/year. Results from the conventional IMDPA model (based solely on hydrogeological indicators) classified 78% of the area as “moderate” and 22% as “low” degradation, failing to identify any critical zones. However, implementation of the developed IMDPAS model by incorporating the subsidence variable triggered a structural shift in class distribution; the “severe” degradation class surged to 78% (equivalent to 630.53 km²), while the “low” degradation class was entirely eliminated. These findings demonstrate that classical models significantly underestimate the actual severity of the crisis by neglecting geomechanical consequences and irreversible sediment compaction. The IMDPAS model, by revealing structural and hidden aquifer degradation, is proposed as a strategic tool for sustainable water resource management and the prioritization of critical zones in plains prone to land subsidence. Land degradation in alluvial plains is driven by the synergistic effects of groundwater depletion and the resulting geomechanical responses of the aquifer. This study aimed to enhance the accuracy of degradation assessments in the Qazvin Plain by integrating land subsidence rates—derived from InSAR analysis—into the conventional IMDPA model, leading to the development of the IMDPAS (Modified IMDPA for Subsidence) model. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) results revealed that a total area of 870 km² is affected by land subsidence, with 86% of these regions experiencing subsidence rates between 5 and 10 cm/year. Results from the conventional IMDPA model (based solely on hydrogeological indicators) classified 78% of the area as “moderate” and 22% as “low” degradation, failing to identify any critical zones. However, implementation of the developed IMDPAS model by incorporating the subsidence variable triggered a structural shift in class distribution; the “severe” degradation class surged to 78% (equivalent to 630.53 km²), while the “low” degradation class was entirely eliminated. These findings demonstrate that classical models significantly underestimate the actual severity of the crisis by neglecting geomechanical consequences and irreversible sediment compaction. The IMDPAS model, by revealing structural and hidden aquifer degradation, is proposed as a strategic tool for sustainable water resource management and the prioritization of critical zones in plains prone to land subsidence.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4233_d598fe56fa7f93ce02653ff40fdc4c4b.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Assessment of Tree and Soil Carbon Storage in Different Urban Green Space Land Uses in Arak Assessment of Tree and Soil Carbon Storage in Different Urban Green Space Land Uses in Arak 175 186 4239 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4239 FA Farhad Ghasemi Aghbash Assistant Professor, Department of Nature Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. Ali Naghi Khosravani M.Sc. Student, Department of Nature Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran. Journal Article 2026 06 30 Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and climate change have highlighted the importance of urban green spaces in carbon sequestration and storage. This study aimed to evaluate and compare tree carbon storage and soil organic carbon (SOC) among different types of urban green spaces in Arak, Iran, including Shahid Rajaei Forest Park, the Nedaamatgah roadside green space, and the Amir Kabir residential area. Field sampling was conducted in July 2022. The studied tree species were Fraxinus excelsior L. and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured, and tree biomass was estimated using allometric equations. In Shahid Rajaei Forest Park, ten 10 × 10 m sample plots were established using a systematic random sampling method. In the roadside green space, trees were selected through random sampling, whereas five 10 × 10 m sample plots were purposively established in the Amir Kabir residential area. Soil samples were collected from the 0–30 cm depth, and soil organic carbon was determined using the dry combustion method. The results indicated that soil carbon storage was significantly higher in Shahid Rajaei Forest Park than in the other two land-use types. The highest soil carbon storage was recorded in the forest park (92.68 t ha⁻¹), while the lowest value was observed in the roadside green space (63.92 t ha⁻¹). Tree carbon storage also differed significantly among land-use types and tree species. Aboveground biomass was estimated at 28.96, 15.24, and 20.58 t ha⁻¹ in the forest park, roadside green space, and residential area, respectively, whereas the corresponding belowground biomass values were 8.07, 4.21, and 6.11 t ha⁻¹. Stepwise regression analysis identified silt and clay contents as the most influential variables affecting soil carbon storage. Overall, forest parks exhibited a greater capacity for carbon storage in both tree biomass and soil compared with other urban land-use types, highlighting their important role in urban carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation. Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations and climate change have highlighted the importance of urban green spaces in carbon sequestration and storage. This study aimed to evaluate and compare tree carbon storage and soil organic carbon (SOC) among different types of urban green spaces in Arak, Iran, including Shahid Rajaei Forest Park, the Nedaamatgah roadside green space, and the Amir Kabir residential area. Field sampling was conducted in July 2022. The studied tree species were Fraxinus excelsior L. and Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco. Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were measured, and tree biomass was estimated using allometric equations. In Shahid Rajaei Forest Park, ten 10 × 10 m sample plots were established using a systematic random sampling method. In the roadside green space, trees were selected through random sampling, whereas five 10 × 10 m sample plots were purposively established in the Amir Kabir residential area. Soil samples were collected from the 0–30 cm depth, and soil organic carbon was determined using the dry combustion method. The results indicated that soil carbon storage was significantly higher in Shahid Rajaei Forest Park than in the other two land-use types. The highest soil carbon storage was recorded in the forest park (92.68 t ha⁻¹), while the lowest value was observed in the roadside green space (63.92 t ha⁻¹). Tree carbon storage also differed significantly among land-use types and tree species. Aboveground biomass was estimated at 28.96, 15.24, and 20.58 t ha⁻¹ in the forest park, roadside green space, and residential area, respectively, whereas the corresponding belowground biomass values were 8.07, 4.21, and 6.11 t ha⁻¹. Stepwise regression analysis identified silt and clay contents as the most influential variables affecting soil carbon storage. Overall, forest parks exhibited a greater capacity for carbon storage in both tree biomass and soil compared with other urban land-use types, highlighting their important role in urban carbon sequestration and climate change mitigation.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4239_46049f411e5b0aec307d6c0021f937a4.pdf

Yazd University Journal of Arid Biome 2008-790X 15 2 2025 09 23 Developing a Conceptual Framework for Indigenous Knowledge-Based Adaptive Governance for Sustainable Management of Desert Ecosystems (A Case Study of Semnan Province, Iran) Developing a Conceptual Framework for Indigenous Knowledge-Based Adaptive Governance for Sustainable Management of Desert Ecosystems (A Case Study of Semnan Province, Iran) 187 205 4244 10.29252/aridbiom.2026.4244 FA Masoumeh Pazoki Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Economic, Social and Extension Research, Agricultural Research and Education Center and Natural Resources of Semnan Province, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Semnan, Iran. Seyed Jafar Seyed Akhlaghi Assistant Professor, Desert Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Journal Article 2026 06 16 Natural resource governance in desert ecosystems requires adaptive and participatory approaches due to intensifying climate change, declining water resources, and increasing livelihood vulnerability among local communities. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework for indigenous knowledge-based adaptive governance in the desert ecosystems of Semnan Province, Iran. The research employed a qualitative approach based on Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory methodology. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 local resource users, community elders, and natural resource management experts and analyzed using MAXQDA 2022. A total of 221 initial codes were identified and subsequently organized into axial categories and a paradigmatic model through constant comparison, integration, and conceptual abstraction. The findings indicated that ecological stresses, socioeconomic pressures, and institutional gaps create causal conditions for adaptive governance. This process develops within a context characterized by ecological fragility, social capital, and indigenous knowledge, while being shaped by institutional enabling and constraining factors. Key strategies include adaptive resource management, co-creation of indigenous and scientific knowledge, participatory governance, and strengthening customary institutions. These strategies contribute to enhanced ecological sustainability, greater social-ecological resilience, and improved effectiveness of natural resource management policies. The proposed framework demonstrates that adaptive governance in arid regions is a dynamic, learning-oriented, and multilevel process shaped by interactions among indigenous knowledge, social capacities, ecological conditions, and institutional arrangements. Considering the study context, this framework can provide a conceptual basis for developing participatory and knowledge-based approaches to sustainable desert ecosystem management. It emphasizes learning, institutional coordination, and context-sensitive decision-making across governance levels. Natural resource governance in desert ecosystems requires adaptive and participatory approaches due to intensifying climate change, declining water resources, and increasing livelihood vulnerability among local communities. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework for indigenous knowledge-based adaptive governance in the desert ecosystems of Semnan Province, Iran. The research employed a qualitative approach based on Strauss and Corbin’s grounded theory methodology. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 local resource users, community elders, and natural resource management experts and analyzed using MAXQDA 2022. A total of 221 initial codes were identified and subsequently organized into axial categories and a paradigmatic model through constant comparison, integration, and conceptual abstraction. The findings indicated that ecological stresses, socioeconomic pressures, and institutional gaps create causal conditions for adaptive governance. This process develops within a context characterized by ecological fragility, social capital, and indigenous knowledge, while being shaped by institutional enabling and constraining factors. Key strategies include adaptive resource management, co-creation of indigenous and scientific knowledge, participatory governance, and strengthening customary institutions. These strategies contribute to enhanced ecological sustainability, greater social-ecological resilience, and improved effectiveness of natural resource management policies. The proposed framework demonstrates that adaptive governance in arid regions is a dynamic, learning-oriented, and multilevel process shaped by interactions among indigenous knowledge, social capacities, ecological conditions, and institutional arrangements. Considering the study context, this framework can provide a conceptual basis for developing participatory and knowledge-based approaches to sustainable desert ecosystem management. It emphasizes learning, institutional coordination, and context-sensitive decision-making across governance levels.

https://aridbiom.yazd.ac.ir/article_4244_a0025bd8bb1b835e7e9487f849b6500e.pdf